The objective of this study was to examine the energy efficiency and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with olive production under both irrigated and rainfall conditions. The findings of this research will provide valuable insights into the environmental impacts of olive production. The study was conducted in the province of Kahramanmaraş during the 2020–2021 agricultural production season. The study findings indicate that the total input energy required for olive production under irrigated and rainfall conditions is 174,331.3 MJ ha−1 and 129,115.55 MJ ha−1, respectively. In olive production, the primary energy input under irrigated conditions was chemical fertilizer (38.67%), while the primary energy input under rainfall conditions was diesel fuel (38.59%). The total energy output in olive production under irrigated and rainfall conditions was calculated as 41,534.83 MJ ha−1 and 29,710.55 MJ ha−1, respectively. The GHG emissions per kilogram in olive production were calculated as 0.24 kg CO2 for 1 kg of olives produced under irrigated conditions and 0.20 kg CO2 for 1 kg of olives produced under rainfall conditions.