This study evaluates how food addiction is related to chronotype, social jetlag, and psychological pain. Of the participants (n = 1,035 university students), 16.6% had a morning chronotype, 25.1% had an evening chronotype, and 25.1% were clinically addicted to eating. The mean sleep durations for participants were 7.41 ± 2.18 h and 8.95 ± 3.0 h on weekdays and weekends, respectively. The mean misalignment time for social jetlag was 1.45 ± 1.5 h. Food addiction, psychological pain, and social jetlag levels were high among participants with the evening chronotype. The risk factors for food addiction included being female, having an evening chronotype, and having high body mass index levels and psychological pain. The total indirect effect of psychological pain and social jetlag on the relationship between chronotype and food addiction was 20.6%. However, the social jetlag effect is relatively minor compared to psychological pain. The significant conclusions of this study are as follows. Clinical food addiction is prevalent among students, and a strong direct correlation between chronotype and food addiction was observed. The study emphasizes the importance of being aware of chronotype and mental status in establishing a healthy diet and lifestyle.