This article focuses on land rights as a key aspect of non-territorial (cultural) autonomy, using, as a case study, a comparative analysis of the experiences of Sami people in Finland, Norway and Sweden. First, the concept of cultural autonomy is clarified, taking into account current debates on the subject. Next, the relationship between culture, indigenous peoples and autonomy is examined; and also, indigenous peoples’ land rights are evaluated in light of their dependence on the environment and natural resources to protect their culture. Then, a case study is provided on Sami people with a comparative analysis of the situation in Norway, Finland and Sweden. Finally, the article discusses potential ways to promote Sami land rights under cultural autonomy in response to the challenges emerging in practice.